{"id":895,"date":"2015-01-05T20:13:46","date_gmt":"2015-01-05T19:13:46","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/orawka-kosciol.pl\/?p=895"},"modified":"2023-05-08T17:09:53","modified_gmt":"2023-05-08T15:09:53","slug":"zabytkowa-szopka","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/orawka-kosciol.pl\/sk\/2015\/01\/zabytkowa-szopka\/","title":{"rendered":"Oravsk\u00fd betlehem"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>Pozn\u00e1te <\/strong><strong>Oravsk\u00fd betlehem?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>(In:<em> \u017divot. <\/em>2015, \u010d. 1 (679) s. 11. PL ISSN 0514-0188)<\/p>\n<p><strong><em><a href=\"http:\/\/orawka-kosciol.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/12\/pieniekyg9.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft size-medium wp-image-210\" src=\"http:\/\/orawka-kosciol.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/12\/pieniekyg9-300x224.jpg\" alt=\"pieniekyg9\" width=\"300\" height=\"224\" srcset=\"https:\/\/orawka-kosciol.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/12\/pieniekyg9-300x224.jpg 300w, https:\/\/orawka-kosciol.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/12\/pieniekyg9-1024x766.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/orawka-kosciol.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/12\/pieniekyg9-624x467.jpg 624w, https:\/\/orawka-kosciol.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/12\/pieniekyg9.jpg 1417w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/em><\/strong>Trad\u00edcia stavania betlehemov siaha do 18. storo\u010dia. Prv\u00e9 betlehemy vznikli v Taliansku a\u00a0odtia\u013eto sa, v\u010faka franti\u0161k\u00e1nom, roz\u0161\u00edrili r\u00fdchlo do celej Eur\u00f3py. \u0164a\u017eko sa v\u0161ak d\u00e1 jednozna\u010dne poveda\u0165, v ktorom momente sa prv\u00e9 betlehemy objavili na Orave.<!--more--> Je mo\u017en\u00e9, \u017ee e\u0161te pred z\u00e1kazom stavania betlehemov v kostoloch (Tradi\u010dn\u00e1 \u013eudov\u00e1\u2026), ktor\u00fd vydal Jozef II. v r\u00e1mci tzv. jozef\u00ednskych reforiem (1780-1790). Nepochybne v\u0161ak boli stavan\u00e9 vo viano\u010dnom obdob\u00ed e\u0161te koncom 18.\u00a0storo\u010dia alebo na za\u010diatku 19. storo\u010dia. Z tohto obdobia sa toti\u017e zachoval najstar\u0161\u00ed zn\u00e1my, aj ke\u010f aktu\u00e1lne rozobran\u00fd a nespr\u00edstupnen\u00fd, betlehem, ktor\u00fd bol p\u00f4vodne vystavovan\u00fd v kostole v Or\u00e1vke (Udziela 1931, s. 175; Pie\u0144kowska, Staich 1956, s. 503). \u017dia\u013e, umeleck\u00e1 hodnota tohto betlehemu nebola uznan\u00e1 vo vhodnom \u010dasovom predstihu a t\u00fdm nebola d\u00f4kladnej\u0161ie presk\u00faman\u00e1. V\u0161etky inform\u00e1cie o \u0148om s\u00fa preto \u00fatr\u017ekovit\u00e9 a betlehem ako tak\u00fd ledva, nako\u013eko v\u00f4bec, pretrval.<\/p>\n<p>Najlep\u0161\u00edm d\u00f4kazom, ktor\u00fd sved\u010d\u00ed o existencii betlehemu v Or\u00e1vke, je akvarel J\u00f3zefa Pieni\u0105\u017cka, ktor\u00fd sa nach\u00e1dza v diele \u201ePodhale v obrazach\u201c, vydan\u00e9 vo \u013dvove v roku 1937. \u010cierno-biela reprodukcia bola umiestnen\u00e1 taktie\u017e v \u010dasopise \u201eZiemia\u201c v roku 1931. Zobrazuje postavy roz\u00admiestnen\u00e9 v troch skupin\u00e1ch: Sv\u00e4t\u00fa rodinu a dve skupiny goralov, ktor\u00ed pri\u0161li s ove\u010dkami a\u00a0pastierskymi psami k ma\u0161tali. Jedna skupina stoj\u00ed na pravej strane a druh\u00e1 na \u013eavej strane ma\u0161tale. Oble\u010den\u00ed s\u00fa v \u013eudov\u00fdch krojoch, ak\u00e9 sa nosili na hornej Orave v obdob\u00ed, v ktorom bol betlehem zhotoven\u00fd. V obidvoch skupin\u00e1ch sa nach\u00e1dza e\u0161te aj zbojn\u00edk v charakteristickom, bohato zdobenom kroji.<\/p>\n<p>Pieni\u0105\u017cek nama\u013eoval na svojom obraze 10 post\u00e1v, jednak Ryszard Kantor hovor\u00ed o existencii nieko\u013ek\u00fdch desiatok so\u0161iek (Kantor 1980, s. 52). Pastieri sa od seba navz\u00e1jom l\u00ed\u0161ia atrib\u00fatmi \u2013 niektor\u00ed z nich nes\u00fa dary, in\u00ed zasa hraj\u00fa na hudobn\u00fdch n\u00e1strojoch a t\u00fdm vzd\u00e1vaj\u00fa \u010des\u0165 novonaroden\u00e9mu Je\u017ei\u0161kovi.<\/p>\n<p>So\u0161ky k betlehemu boli zhotoven\u00e9 inou met\u00f3dou ne\u017e ostatn\u00e9 hornooravsk\u00e9 betlehemy. So\u0161ky nie s\u00fa toti\u017e vyrez\u00e1van\u00e9. Zobrazenia jednotliv\u00fdch post\u00e1v boli najprv nama\u013eovan\u00e9 akvarelom a n\u00e1sledne prilepen\u00e9 na dreven\u00fa siluetu post\u00e1v presne vyrezan\u00fa z dosky (Pie\u0144kowska, Staich 1956, s. 503). S\u00fa vysok\u00e9 okolo 30 cm (Kantor 1980, s. 52). Hanna Pie\u0144kowska a Tadeusz Staich pri anal\u00fdze ich formy do\u0161li k z\u00e1veru, \u017ee p\u00f4vod t\u00fdchto so\u0161iek nebol \u013eudov\u00fd (Pie\u0144kowska, Staich 1956, s. 503), to znamen\u00e1, \u017ee ich zhotovila sk\u00fasen\u00e1 osoba, ktorej umeleck\u00e1 zru\u010dnos\u0165 presahovala mo\u017enosti \u013eudov\u00e9ho remesla. Existuje te\u00f3ria, ktor\u00e1 tvrd\u00ed, \u017ee ich autorom bol dp. Drengubiak, far\u00e1r Rab\u010de, ktor\u00fd p\u00f4sobil na Orave v\u00a0prvej polovici 19. storo\u010dia (Kantor 1980, s. 52).<\/p>\n<p>D\u00f4kladnej\u0161ie \u010das vykonania diela ur\u010duje ikonografick\u00e1 anal\u00fdza. Poukazuje na druh \u013eudov\u00e9ho kroja a\u00a0na barokov\u00e9 zobrazenie Panny M\u00e1rie (Pie\u0144kowska, Staich 1956, s. 503). V celej kolekcii sa v\u0161ak nach\u00e1dzali dve postavy, ktor\u00e9 sa v\u00fdrazne odli\u0161ovali svoj\u00edm umeleck\u00fdm stv\u00e1rnen\u00edm, na z\u00e1klade \u010doho sa za ich autora uzn\u00e1va \u013eudov\u00fd umelec (Pie\u0144kowska, Staich 1956, s. 503). S\u00fa to so\u0161ky zbojn\u00edkov, ktor\u00ed s\u00fa v po\u00adrovnan\u00ed s ostan\u00fdmi so\u0161kami oble\u010den\u00ed do bohato zdoben\u00fdch krojov.<\/p>\n<p>Zauj\u00edmav\u00fdm prvkom kompoz\u00edcie je taktie\u017e pozadie betlehema ako i samotn\u00e1 ma\u0161ta\u013eka. Budova ma\u0161tale zodpoved\u00e1 \u013eudov\u00e9mu ch\u00e1paniu \u2013 je mal\u00e1 a n\u00edzka, prekryt\u00e1 slamenou strechou. M\u00e1 doda\u00adto\u010dn\u00fd otvor na zhadzovanie sena a slamy z povaly. Pod strechou, ved\u013ea M\u00e1rie, Jozefa a Je\u017ei\u0161ka, boli umiestnen\u00e9 zvierat\u00e1 \u2013 osol a v\u00f4l. Ich zobrazenie m\u00e1 taktie\u017e symbolick\u00fd charakter: \u201eV\u00f4l si pozn\u00e1 gazdu a osol jasle svojho p\u00e1na; Izrael nepozn\u00e1, m\u00f4j \u013eud nepochop\u00ed\u201c (Iz 1,3). Na pozad\u00ed celej kompoz\u00edcie sa nach\u00e1dza mesto s mnoh\u00fdmi stavbami, ktor\u00fdch \u010das\u0165 je prekryt\u00e1 barokov\u00fdmi kopulami. Je to pravdepodobne Betlehem (Udziela 1931, s. 175) alebo Jeruzalem (Pie\u0144kowska, Staich 1956, s. 503), av\u0161ak zobrazen\u00fd v \u0161t\u00fdle stredovek\u00e9ho hornouhorsk\u00e9ho mesta.<\/p>\n<p>V 50-tych rokoch, ke\u010f Staich a Pie\u0144kowska p\u00edsali knihu \u201eDrogami skalnej ziemi\u201d, betlehem bol u\u017e rozobrat\u00fd a nekompletn\u00fd. \u0164a\u017eko poveda\u0165, ak\u00fd je jeho aktu\u00e1lny stav, preto\u017ee u\u017e roky nebol vystaven\u00fd. Nepochybn\u00e9 je v\u0161ak to, \u017ee nieko\u013eko desiatok \u010di dokonca stoviek rokov plnil svoju \u00falohu a pribli\u017eoval obyvate\u013eom Or\u00e1vky tajomstvo Bo\u017eieho narodenia.<\/p>\n<p><em>spracovala Maria M. Borczuch<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>prelo\u017eil Mari\u00e1n Smondek<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Bibliografia<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>KANTOR, R.: <em>Recepcje i funkcje plastycznej tw\u00f3rczo\u015bci ludowej na polskiej Orawie w drugiej po\u0142owie XIX wieku i XX wieku. <\/em>Krak\u00f3w, 1980.<\/p>\n<p>PIE\u0143KOWSKA, H. \u2013 STAICH T.: <em>Drogami skalnej ziemi<\/em>. Krak\u00f3w, 1956.<\/p>\n<p><em>Tradi\u010dn\u00e1 \u013eudov\u00e1 kult\u00fara Slovenska slovom a obrazom<\/em>; in: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ludovakultura.sk\/index.php?id=3057\">http:\/\/www.ludovakultura.sk\/index.php?id=3057<\/a> (dost. 13.12.2014).<\/p>\n<p>UDZIELA, S.: <em>Szopki w ko\u015bcio\u0142ach orawskich<\/em>. In: <em>Ziemia<\/em>. zv. XVII, 1931, s. 174-176.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Ospravedl\u0148ujeme sa, ale t\u00e1to polo\u017eka je k dispoz\u00edcii len v Polski.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[4],"tags":[7,8,10,6,9],"class_list":["post-895","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-opisy","tag-jaselka","tag-jozef-pieniazek","tag-orawa","tag-szopka","tag-tradycja-bozonarodzeniowa"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/orawka-kosciol.pl\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/895","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/orawka-kosciol.pl\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/orawka-kosciol.pl\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/orawka-kosciol.pl\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/orawka-kosciol.pl\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=895"}],"version-history":[{"count":19,"href":"https:\/\/orawka-kosciol.pl\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/895\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3200,"href":"https:\/\/orawka-kosciol.pl\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/895\/revisions\/3200"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/orawka-kosciol.pl\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=895"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/orawka-kosciol.pl\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=895"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/orawka-kosciol.pl\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=895"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}